We examine the extent to which developing countries that do little, if any, research and development themselves benefit from R&D that is performed in the industrial countries. By trading with an industrial country that has a large “stock of knowledge” from its cumulative R&D activities, a...

Countries differ greatly in R&D spending, and these differences are particularly striking when comparing developed with developing countries. The paper examines the extent to which the benefits of R&D are concentrated in the investing countries. It is argued that significant benefits spill over...

The paper surveys theories of FDI and supporting evidence. A new theory flashes out a unique feature of FDI: hands on management style that enables investors to react in real time to changing economic environments. Equipped with superior intangible know how in screening firms, foreign direct...