Foreign exchange reserves (FER), especially dollar assets, are vital for a developing country to maintain economic stability, foster growth, and protect against unexpected amendments. In recent years, particularly since the onset of COVID-19, several emerging countries have experienced...

Main description: Der Autor bietet eine umfassende Darstellung des Themas und hat dafür eine erhebliche Menge Spezialliteratur zu den einzelnen Aspekten ausgewertet. Er befaßt sich sowohl mit der vollkommenen Dollarisierung/Euroisierung von Volkswirtschaften (D/E-Systeme) als auch mit...

Over the past quarter of a century, emerging market economies (EMEs) have defaulted on their sovereign debts frequently. This article assesses the size and types of costs that have been associated with these defaults. It emphasises that costs, measured by the fall in output, are particularly...