This paper is about 40 sovereign nations, spread across Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. All are at the lower or lowest ranks of social and economic development. All need infusions of technologic and other know-how. A major subset of all poor or emerging countries their commonality with all its...

The policies of the Ottoman Empire and of its successor the republic of Turkey, have always considered technology transfer (TT) from abroad to be an important means for development. In late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire transferred some technology to improve its army. Contemporaneously there...