defined by optimal policy for secondary education, which has resulted in a rapid increase in average years of schooling since … dramatic augmentation of working population with vocational education relative to general education. This is consistent with … the recent literature, which argues that the ratio of vocational-to-general education tends to be higher in middle …

education and associated years of schooling have expanded substantially in developing countries in recent years. But has this … schooling years. We find great heterogeneity in the distribution of progress of education, with very little pro-poor progress in … improvements in the access to the education system and in educational outcomes across the welfare distribution between and within …