its total fertility rate. At the household level, it has also been well documented that children's education is negatively … policymakers and researchers evaluate the total benefit of family planning policies, both policies to lower fertility and policies …

inflows and fertility rates. …

traditional equilibrium, contraceptives are not used, fertility is high and education and growth are low. At the modern … equilibrium, contraceptives are used, fertility is low and further declining with increasing income, and education and growth are … high. The theory motivates a "wanted fertility reversal": At the traditional equilibrium, men prefer more children than …

Twin births are often used to instrument fertility to address (negative) selection of women into fertility. However …, twin-IV estimates will tend to be upward biased. This is pertinent given the emerging consensus that fertility has limited …