future economic growth. In contrast, low income and absolute poverty work both as push-factors and as credit constraints, so … that people may want to leave, but few can afford to migrate when poverty is high. We test our hypotheses using new data on … bilateral migration flows from Abel and Sander (2014), the Worldwide Governance Indicators and the World Bank data on headcount …

poverty line, expressed in PPP-adjusted dollars and linked to various rounds of the International Comparison of Prices (ICP …; they also roughly confirm the current shape of the proposed "weakly relative" poverty line. Using the new absolute line … using 2011 PPPs would lead to substantially lower poverty in our estimation. The extent of the decline depends on whether …