The parameters of an output distance function are estimated utilising unbalanced panel data from 300 UK dairy farms. Potential nitrate contamination of groundwater is modelled within the production process as an undesirable output and shadow prices (which can be interpreted as marginal abatement...

Interest has been growing in the nature of synergies in agroecosystems, prompted in part by growing concerns about the effects of environmental degradation on agricultural productivity and interrelations between agricultural outputs and ecosystem outputs. Most productivity analyses focus on...