This paper characterizes environmental regulations which induce polluting Bertrand competitors to invest efficiently in environmental R&D. Post-innovation benefits to raising rivals' costs provide firms with incentives to innovate. Although optimal behavior cannot be elicited with pollution...

We study determinants and effects of two types of private political actions (PPAs) against S&P 500 companies: environmental boycotts and shareholder proxy proposals. We consider effects on the firms׳ adoption of environmental management systems (EMS) and the environmental protocol, ISO 14001....