This empirical study investigates the relationships between management control systems and social and environmental risks. Building on Simons' Levers of Control conceptual framework, this study proposes that companies facing social and environmental risks will enhance the quality of their...

The study extends previous research on the relation between environmental and financial performance in two ways. First, we recognize that the inherent environmental risk differs among industries. Increased levels of industry risk cause companies to have lower market values even if they are more...

Purpose – Industries differ in their environmental impacts, such as emissions, water and energy use, fuel consumption and hazardous wastes, which will have implications for how environmental performance translates to operating performance and market value at company level. By incorporating...