largely determined by lobbying, we find strong effects of electoral incentives. …

-identical producers within the same industry, lobbying for tighter environmental rules turns out to be an important strategy of raising …-industrial competition engage in counter-lobbying and when they remain silent. …

We analyze the determinants of environmental policy when two firms engage in two types of lobbying against a … restriction on allowed pollution: General lobbying increases the total amount of allowed pollution, which is beneficial for both … firms. Private lobbying increases the individual pollution standard of the lobbying firm, but has a negative or zero effect …

relative to legislative intervention when lobbying congress is very effective and when the polluter and the regulator do not … sector characteristics and the degree of influence of lobbying on congress …

. In particular, we discuss the joint impact of trade openness and political uncertainty. Our theory predicts that the …. Political uncertainty has a positive effect on environmental policy as it reduces lobbying efforts. Applying our model to a … unique data set of primarily developing countries, the empirical findings support the theory and are robust under alterntive …

We analyze the determinants of environmental policy when two firms engage in two types of lobbying against a … restriction on allowed pollution: General lobbying increases the total amount of allowed pollution, which is beneficial for both … firms. Private lobbying increases the individual pollution standard of the lobbying firm, but has a negative or zero effect …

This paper develops a theory of environmental policy formation, taking into consideration the degree of corruptibility …