agency model to illustrate how voters' gender bias can lead reelection-seeking female politicians to undertake different … policies to be less effective if decided by women, the model predicts that female politicians undertake less containment effort … than male politicians when voters perceive the threat as low, while the opposite is true when voters perceive it as serious …

candidates fared in the 2014 election. We cannot detect any causal effect of active participation in the 2020 elections on …

according to the 1995 election law. We show that in the second and third weeks after the 2020 elections (held on October 9 …