Although the oil and gas industry has boosted Iran's economic development, it has adversely affected the ecosystems of certain regions. The government has failed to establish appropriate environmental regulations to prevent industry from engaging in environmentally damaging projects. Indigenous...

The extraction of hydrocarbons is an inherently hazardous activity with potential grave risks to the general environment. Environmental woes occur during all the stages of oil and gas cycle but more notable during the upstream stage of operations. The upstream stage involves exploration,...