roots in the idea of pain and pleasure. By way of comparison, Islam has its own theme for pain and pleasure, which … considered it incompatible with the spirit of Islam, while others (such as Umar Chapra) tried to reinterpret it in relation to … social justice in Islam; and comparing them with a hermeneutic understanding of tawhidi methodology along with the …

between objectivist – subjectivist epistemology. This stance of Islam on ontology and epistemology as elaborated in the Qur … and Social Sciences research; realist ontology and subjectivist ontology or objectivist epistemology and subjectivist … epistemology. The kind of ontology and epistemology a researcher commits to has inherent effects towards the researcher's way of …