Poverty is associated with women due to unemployment, ill health, malnutrition and high fertility. The women are employed for lower income, hard and long working hours but lower access to support services and welfare facilities. Adding to this the major challenges of the some sector at present...

We compare trends in mortality, nutritional status and food supply to other living standard indicators for the early years of the Nazi period. We find that Germany experienced a substantial increase in mortality rates in most age groups in the mid-1930s, even relative to those of 1932, the worst...