This article looks at the growing use of the counterfactual approach in European and UK competition laws. The term counterfactual has not been a feature of European competition law, with the exception of merger control, to date. However, with the move to an effects-based approach,...

The living dead (Trademarks) are among us!Taking advantage of the lack of clear statutory guidance under federal Trademark law, these Zombie Trademarks are feeding on the residual goodwill of and praying on consumer nostalgia. As the Zombie Marks virus is permitted to spread, a paralyzing...

Analysis of international trade at the sub-national region level is perennially hampered by the lack of granular data. We contribute a new analytic approach for understanding trade performance of sub-national regions using a newly constructed international trademark filing dataset. We show that...

The paper explores what macroeconomic factors can tell us about the effectiveness of recently enacted national competition laws. Qualitative evidence suggests that numerous countries fall short in implementing competition law. Furthermore, there seems to be significant differences between...