model that describes a two-stage process consisting of a production and an end-of-pipe abatement stage with the … account, we show how nonparametric methods can be used to measure environmental efficiency and to decompose it into production …

The estimation of production functions suffers from an unresolved identification problem caused by flexible inputs …, such as intermediate inputs. We develop an identification strategy for production functions based on a transformation of … the firm's short-run first order condition that solves the problem for both gross output and valueadded production …