employments in 19th-century Japan permits us to apply this approach to answer the following counterfactual: What factor … 1865-1876? Over the entire period, we find that trade was revealed to be equivalent to a 5.5% increase in Japan's female …. -- gains from trade ; factor augmentation equivalent to trade ; natural experiment of Japan …

This paper examines the impacts of the Japan-Mexico EPA on bilateral trade by using two different types of information …, trade statistics and the EPA utilization rate. Using trade data, we found that Japan’s exports of built-up cars, auto parts … Japanese firms on their utilization of the Japan-Mexico EPA, the overall utilization rate was found to be rather low. However …