intergenerational persistence in schooling where parents self-finance children's education because of credit market imperfections … mobility. This paper tests these predictions in India and China using data not subject to coresidency bias. The evidence … rejects the linear conditional expectation function in rural and urban India in favor of a concave relation. Girls in India …

concave or convex, and gender biasaffects both relative and absolute mobility. We test these predictions in India and China … rural India, the mechanisms are underestimation of ability of girlsand unfavorable school environment. There is some … evidence of pure son preference in rural India.The girls in rural China do not face bias in financial investment by parents …