model's predictions are tested using Dutch school-level data. Since students in the Netherlands have to participate both in …A simple model of decentralised graduation standards is presented. It is shown that a school whose students are … a central and in a school specific examination, we can identify the grading policy of individual schools. We find that …

Over the 2000s, many federal states in Germany shortened the duration of secondary school by one year while keeping the …

school to the assessed concepts, operationalized in some sort of time metric, is related to what the student has learned as … computer-based assessment at all three levels – country, school and student. In every country at least one if not all three of …