of the euro/dollar real exchange rate. Given this value, one could then give a precise meaning to the notion of … undervaluation or overvaluation of the euro, and calculate its misalignment. The problem however arises of how to assess the …. This of course is not (yet) possible for the euro, so that all the calculations of misalignment of the euro that have been …

Aim/purpose - The aim of this paper is to present two cases of crises in Greece and Italy and to evaluate the shadow … sample covers Greece in 1989-2020 and Italy in 1989-2020. Findings - The research presented the estimation of shadow exchange … rates EUR/GRD and EUR/ITL during the euro zone membership period. Leaving the euro area one can expect the following market …

of the euro/dollar real exchange rate. Given this value, one could then give a precise meaning to the notion of … undervaluation or overvaluation of the euro, and calculate its misalignment. The problem however arises of how to assess the … calculations. This of course is not (yet) possible for the euro, so that all the calculations of the misalignment of the euro that …

of the euro/dollar real exchange rate. Given this value, one could then give a precise meaning to the notion of … undervaluation or overvaluation of the euro, and calculate its misalignment. The problem however arises of how to assess the … calculations. This of course is not (yet) possible for the euro, so that all the calculations of the misalignment of the euro that …

European Union. Regression results are provided for Western Germany, France, and Italy. It is shown that labour mobility is … highest in Germany, followed by France, and Italy. However, even in Germany, the accommodation of a shock to unemployment by …