This paper estimates the funding advantage afforded by the joint liability scheme to German Landesbanken. The advantage is estimated by computing the difference between Moody's baseline credit assessment (BCA), representing the stand-alone rating, and the adjusted BCA incorporating group support...

The concept of a Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) has become a useful tool in international criminal law. It allows courts to hold individuals criminally liable for group activities to which they have contributed in a criminally relevant way. The concept allows for an attribution of criminal...

Abstract: Verstöße gegen Vorschriften des Wettbewerbsrechts gehen regelmäßig mit einer Schädigung vor- oder nachgelagerter Wirtschaftsstufen einher. Die Urteile ‚Courage’ und ‚Manfredi’, intensive Bemühungen der EU-Kommission, die Rahmenbedingungen für die private Durchsetzung...