This paper discusses the issue whether developing countries forego chances in world manufactured markets by protecting intermediate services against market entry of new suppliers. By scanning the empirical literature on effective rates of protection (ERP), the evidence is supportive. Yet, it...

This paper assesses the determinants of trade in services using a gravity model, with particular attention given to the role of barriers to services trade. Initially, the application of the gravity equation to services trade is examined. A variety of econometric estimators are tested and the...

In the era of digital economy, digital service trade (DST) occupies an increasingly important position in international trade and has a significant impact on the low-carbon development of the global economy. This paper investigates the theoretical mechanism of the effect of DST on carbon total...