The purpose of our study is to assess the role of litigation risk in the stock price setting process in relation to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Exchange Act Rule 13a-14. We employ 12 June, the proposal of Rule 13a-14, and 27 June, the ruling of certification requirement, as...

The Berle-Means problem - information and incentive asymmetries disrupting relations between knowledgeable managers and remote investors - has remained a durable issue engaging researchers since the 1930's. However, the Berle-Means paradigm - widely-dispersed, helpless investors facing strong,...