influence educational performance. Several insights emerge. First, we find that incentives framed as losses have more robust … effects than comparable incentives framed as gains. Second, we find that non-financial incentives are considerably more cost …-effective than financial incentives for younger students, but were not effective with older students. Finally, and perhaps most …

, we find substantial incentive effects from both financial and non-financial incentives on test scores. Second, we find … that non-financial incentives are considerably more cost-effective than financial incentives for younger students, but were … motivating power of the incentives vanishes when rewards are handed out with a delay. Since the rewards to educational investment …

influence educational performance. Several insights emerge. First, we find that incentives framed as losses have more robust … effects than comparable incentives framed as gains. Second, we find that non-financial incentives are considerably more cost …-effective than financial incentives for younger students, but were not effective with older students. Finally, and perhaps most …