While recent literature suggests that employers learn about the productivity of new workers over time, there is little consensus on how information about workers' productive ability is accumulated by current and outside employers in the labor market. This paper studies the role played by...

This paper aims to show that culture is an important determinant of the effectiveness of formal democratic institutions, such as elections. We collect new data to document the presence of voluntary and social organizations and the history of electoral reforms in Chinese villages. We use the...

This paper aims to show that culture is an important determinant of the effectiveness of formal democratic institutions, such as elections. We collect new data to document the presence of voluntary and social organizations and the history of electoral reforms in Chinese villages. We use the...