Whereas ethnoregional favoritism by national leaders is widely studied, ethnic favoritism at lower government levels is likely a more salient source of ethnic resentment. Relying on individual-level panel data from Indonesia and a historical instrument we establish that ethnic favoritism is...

Whereas region-based ethnic favoritism in public good provision is widely studied, ethnic favoritism by lower governments allocating individual benefits to specific beneficiaries is more easily observable by individuals and therefore a more salient source of ethnic resentment, in addition to...