Language serves two key functions. It enables communication between agents, which allows for the establishment and … to issues linked with trust, social capital, and cultural identification. While research on the role of language as a … learning process is widespread, there is no evidence on the role of language as a signal of cultural affinity. I pursue this …

language processing (NLP) algorithms have been used to analyze central bank communications. These outdated bag-of-words methods …-learning-based NLP algorithms, also known as large language models (LLMs), which take context into account. This study applies LLMs to … central bank communications. The absence of large-language models in the central bank communications literature may be …

This paper studies the educational consequences of language proficiency by investigating the relationship between … modestly negative effect on boys' language test scores. In addition, we study whether there are spillover effects of peers …

, India, China), which has coincided with poor economic integration. Language proficiency is an important determinant of … language proficiency is crucial for good integration policy, as is understanding the relationship between these measures and …

In many transition countries, the collapse of communism ushered in language reforms to adapt to the newfound …’ economic opportunities, since foreign language proficiency may enhance or signal productivity in the labor market. Recent … empirical evidence documents positive labor market returns to English language skills in transition countries. However, Russian …

effect that language learning opportunities abroad have on German exports. We employ a gravity model of trade with a single … this effect is confined to institutes offering language training services, which suggests that language requirements and … differing communication requirements in trading. …