In this study, the causal nexus between child mortality rate, fertility rate, GDP, household final consumption … running from fertility rate, food production index, GDP, and household final consumption expenditure to the mortality rate …. There was evidence of a bidirectional causality running from household final consumption expenditure to fertility rate …

children's health at birth, subsequent maternal health and fertility, and longterm human capital outcomes of children. Our … evidence-based. We evaluate a substantial maternity leave extension in Austria, which increased mandatory leave prior to birth … cutoff due date. As an additional source of exogenous variation, we use information on non-working mothers, who are not …

children's health at birth, subsequent maternal health and fertility, and longterm human capital outcomes of children. Our … evidence-based. We evaluate a substantial maternity leave extension in Austria, which increased mandatory leave prior to birth … cutoff due date. As an additional source of exogenous variation, we use information on non-working mothers, who are not …

death of a parent. We examine the effects of the death of the mother's parent during pregnancy on both the short-run and the … during pregnancy. We find small negative effects on birth outcomes, and these effects are bigger for boys than for girls. The …-utero child, we know little about the effects of psychological stresses. One clear form of stress to the mother comes from the …