from 1970 - 2013, taking into account structural breaks. To better reflect causality, corruption and trade are included as … causal direction. Our estimation results suggest GDP growth has one cointegrating vector relationship with corruption, EU aid … to GDP growth and a short-run unidirectional causal relationship from trade to GDP growth. Corruption (which is a …

In this paper we explore relationships between corruption perceptions and such characteristics as the size of shadow … countries. It is shown that irrespective of whether the economy is developed or transitional, negative dependence of corruption … the shadow economy passes 45%, the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ceases to respond to growth of …