employments in 19th-century Japan permits us to apply this approach to answer the following counterfactual: What factor … 1865-1876? Over the entire period, we find that trade was revealed to be equivalent to a 5.5% increase in Japan's female …. -- gains from trade ; factor augmentation equivalent to trade ; natural experiment of Japan …

for a theory-based assessment of the magnitude of the gains from trade. The recent experimental evidence on Japan's 19th … century opening up to world trade provides a strong case for the hypothesis that comparative advantage governed Japan …'s international trade in its early trading years. The aggregate gains from that trade are estimated to be no larger than 9 % of Japan …

theory-based assessment of the magnitude of the gains from trade. The recent experimental evidence on Japan's nineteenth …-century opening-up to world trade provides a strong case for the hypothesis that comparative advantage governed Japan's international … trade in its early trading years. The aggregate gains from that trade are estimated to be no larger than 9% of Japan's GDP …