Using rich panel data recently available from Spanish Social Security records, we find that a negative motherhood … return to their pre-birth (relative) levels. The study finds that heterogeneity matters as most of the motherhood penalty and …

effects might partly be explained by child spacing; motherhood delay induces women to have the second child more closely …

in the motherhood wage penalty over time. We compare two sweeps of reforms inspired by opposite principles, one allowing … 1985-2014) and a within-person difference-in-differences design. Motherhood wage penalties were found to be harsher than … accumulation, wage losses for mothers remained stable in this first period. Conversely, we can no longer detect motherhood wage …

Motherhood continues to pose significant challenges to women's careers, and a correct assessment of its effects is … considering their distinct characteristics and the varying impact of motherhood. To address the biases, we propose a novel … substantially larger estimates of earnings losses after childbirth (by 20 percent), indicating that the costs of motherhood and …