Analyses of ethnic and racial wage differentials neglect the fact that minorities cluster in urban and in more deprived … areas. This paper estimates ethnic wage differentials by comparing minorities to the majority in the same local labour … their variation across areas are partly explained by job characteristics and especially occupation. Since minorities in some …

rapid economic convergence. The case of Estonia is used, and micro data from the Labour Force Survey from 1989 to 2020 are … wage gap was as large as 41% at the end of the communist period in Estonia. The large gender wage gap under communist rule …

be used for external moves between firms. We show that when female workers are the minority in the occupation and social … link formation is gender-biased (homophily) there are too few female contacts in the social networks of their male … workers are the minority can explain a substantial part of the empirically observable total wage gap stemming from the glass …

exhibit gender homophily, which reflects the fact that social ties are more likely to be formed between workers of the same … gender. In a setting when female workers are the minority, there are too few female contacts in the social networks of their …

Using a unique data set, this paper first documents that gaps in starting wages by race and sex persist after … discrimination, is partly responsible for race differences in starting wages. But because women's average performance in the sample …