We modify Adrian and Brunnermeier's (2011) CoVaR, the Value-at-Risk (VaR) of the financial system conditional on an institution being in financial distress. We change the definition of financial distress from an institution being exactly at its VaR to being at most at its VaR. This change allows...

Availability of high frequency data has improved the capability of computing volatility in an efficient way. Nevertheless, measuring volatility/covariance from the observation of the asset price is challenging for two main reasons: observed asset prices are generally affected by noise...