In this paper we propose an expected shortfall (ES) backtesting approach that uses the dispersion of a truncated distribution by the estimated value-at-risk (VaR) upper limit, does not limit the approach to the Gaussian case and allows us to test if each individual VaR violation is significantly...

We investigate whether there is a pattern regarding the quality of several models and methods in expected shortfall (ES) estimation, considering distinct asset classes, estimation windows and significance levels. We use unconditional, conditional and quantile/expectile regression-based models....