-employed than for employees. We argue that those estimates in previous studies might be biased by neglecting anticipation and … adaptation effects. For testing we specify several models accounting for anticipation and adaptation to self-employment and job … with large negative anticipation effects. In contrast to recent literature we find no specific long term effect of self …

In dieser Analyse schätzen wir den Einfluss von Gewohnheits-(Habits) gegenüber Vergleichsmotiven (Envy) zur Erklärung …In this paper we estimate the relevance of habits versus interpersonal comparisons for the consumption behavior of U … (PSID) covering the time span from 1999 to 2009. We find that both habits, measured as lagged consumption, and envy motives …

smooth consumption (i.e. spenders) and are affected by external consumption habits. Although these assumptions are not new …