punishment statistics, we find that the effect of enforcement on smuggling prices is small. Though enforcement has more than … tripled over the past fifteen years, smuggling prices have increased by at most 30 percent. Unlike estimates from illegal … costs of enforcement on smuggling prices …

lower firm specificity locate farther away from one another, and argue that it can be concluded that the "poaching" argument …

competition. This finding is usually interpreted as evidence of a higher risk of poaching in these regions. Yet, there is no … direct evidence that regional competition is positively correlated with poaching. Building on a recently established approach … to ex-post identify poaching of apprenticeship completers, our paper is the first to directly investigate the correlation …

competition. This finding is usually interpreted as evidence of a higher risk of poaching in these regions. Yet, there is no … direct evidence that regional competition is positively correlated with poaching. Building on a recently established approach … to ex-post identify poaching of apprenticeship completers, our paper is the first to directly investigate the correlation …

A series of seminal theoretical papers argues that poaching of employees may hamper company-sponsored general training …. However, the extent of poaching, its determinants and consequences, remains an open empirical question. We provide a novel … empirical identification strategy for poaching and investigate its causes and consequences. We find that only a small number of …