different structural changes between countries to separate the respective effects. Our results show that the effect of entry … lead to misleading conclusions. We find no robust evidence that entry has a price-decreasing effect on markets with … originally 2 operators. However, the entry of a 4th operator does have a price-decreasing effect, but with different dynamics …

We study the effect of entry on the price distribution in the German retail gasoline market. Exploiting more than 700 … entries over five years in an event study design, we find that entry causes a persistent first-order stochastic shift in the … to 12% of stations’ gross margins. Consumers with easy access to information on prices gain the most from entry. The …

introduced to pre-empt the entry of low cost competitor declined at the time of entry. Moreover, we find that regulation, which … competition between established operators and by entry of fourth low cost operator. …

benchmark countries. We then examine the market structure based on the concentration, firms' size, and entry and exit dynamics … point to the importance of specific barriers to entry in explaining the relationship between these three characteristics. …