salient stimuli. In many cases, we partake in the process of "lumping" and "splitting," where similar items are lumped … together, while dissimilar items are split apart in an exaggerated manner. To test whether or not lumping and splitting plays a …

unemployment insurance on unemployment duration in Brazil, where we find strong evidence of manipulation at eligibility cutoffs. …

identified under manipulation, one can derive sharp bounds under a general model that covers a wide range of empirical patterns …. The extent of manipulation, which determines the width of the bounds, is inferred from the data in our setup. Our approach … therefore does not require making a binary decision regarding whether manipulation occurs or not, and can be used to deliver …