As the nexus between Islamic financial market indexes and energy commodities becomes more global, the question of whether any specific shock considerations are still relevant that might affect this relationship arises. In order to answer it, our paper examines this question by testing the...

We investigate this study to examine the relationship between economic growth, financial development, trade openness and CO2 emissions using the ordinary least squares (OLS) models for a panel data of 40 European countries during the period from 1985 to 2014. To estimate this causality we refer...