male germ cell development. We build on this evidence and investigate whether undernutrition at that age biologically … transmits to children and grandchildren. Our findings indicate that third generation males (females) tend to have higher mental … health scores if their paternal grandfather (maternal grandmother) was exposed to a famine during preadolescence. These …

animal studies. We provide an external validation by analyzing the impact of the German famine of 1916-1918 on children and … generation, males (females) tend to have higher mental health scores if their paternal grandfather (maternal grandmother) was …

-term outcomes, including lifetime income, health, cognitive skills, and education. Our results show that the school lunch program … attainment and health and these effects can explain a large part of the return to school lunches. …