In international relations, short-run incentives for non-cooperation often dominate. Yet, (external) institutions for enforcing cooperation are hampered by national sovereignty, supposedly strengthening the role of selfenforcing mechanisms. This paper examines their scope with a focus on...

This paper uses novel barcode-level country of origin data to study the incidence of the US-China trade war in 2018-2019. I find that the incidence of these policies initially fell entirely to US consumers, which is in line with previous research. However in the medium to long-run I find that...