This study is an empirical attempt to find out whether under sanctions Iran’s trade direction has shifted away from … significant negative effect of sanctions on Iran–EU bilateral trade (by an average of 46.9%), while it has a positive impact on … various sanctions related to Iran’s nuclear program has pushed the country’s foreign trade to reorient away from Europe …

Economic sanctions are a popular diplomatic tool for countries to enforce political demands abroad or to punish non … looks at the consequences of sanctions for bilateral trade values between 1987 and 2005. In order to quantify the direct … effects of sanctions on the trade flows between countries I use PPML as well as several other econometric specifications to …