secular education reform, decreases women's propensity to identify themselves as religious, lowers their tendency to wear a … religious head cover (head scarf, turban or burka) and increases the tendency for modernity. Education reduces women …'s propensity to vote for Islamic parties. There is no statistically significant impact of education on men's religiosity or their …

Using information on family background, we estimate returns to education, allowing for the heterogeneity of returns. In … earn lower wages, but have higher returns to education. This supports the view that persons from less-educated backgrounds … is found for the effect of gender and cohort. …