The factor X in the RPI-X regulation aims to adjust price or revenue allowances to changes in total factor productivity … and input prices. A cost Malmquist index can be applied to determine the efficient cost change (ECC). However, regulators …

The present study employs the state of the art bias-corrected Malmquist Productivity Index method to examine the … sources of efficiency and productivity of the foreign and domestic banks operating in the Malaysian banking sector. The … (technological change [TECHCH]). The results indicate that the Malaysian banking sector has exhibited productivity progress mainly …