racial bias in official arrest records for a broad swath of offenses.Method: I use official arrest and self-reported crime … data from the Pathways to Desistance study to estimate Black-to-white and Hispanic-to-white crime ratios conditional on …

result, women's suffrage exacerbated racial inequality in education expenditures and substantially delayed relative gains in …

result, women's suffrage exacerbated racial inequality in education expenditures and substantially delayed relative gains in …

disproportionately increase African American’s and women’s number of promotions because it legitimates otherwise traditionally … of women compared to men in the first study. In the second study, and in line with their theorizing, they find evidence …

This paper estimates the effects of educational attainment and school quality on crime among American women. Using …. The estimated reductions in crime for women are smaller in magnitude than comparable estimates for men; however, the … effects for women are larger in percentage terms (relative to baseline crime rates). Our results suggest small and mixed …