We provide the first analysis of racial in-group bias in Type-I and Type-II errors. Using player-referee matched data … from NBA games we show that there is no overall racial bias or in-group bias in foul calls made by referees. Similarly …, there is no racial bias or in-group bias in Type-I errors (incorrect foul calls). On the other hand, there is significant in …

This paper proposes a test of racial bias in capital sentencing based upon patterns of judicial errors in lower courts … that of letting a guilty defendant free. We define racial bias as a situation where the relative weight on the two types of … between 1973 and 1995. We find robust evidence of bias against minority defendants who killed white victims: in Direct Appeal …

towards defendants of their own race during the guilt-innocence decision. In the sentencing phase, we find in-group bias in … identifies such opposing effects of bias within the same decision sequence. Regarding overall racial bias, we document that … the police have an impact on their judicial decisions, suggesting that the source of the bias may be deep-rooted. Merging …

We propose a test of bias based upon patterns of judicial errors. We model the trial court as minimizing a weighted sum … of type I and II errors. We define racial bias a situation where the weight depends on defendant/victim race. If the …

towards defendants of their own race during the guilt-innocence decision. In the sentencing phase, we find in-group bias in … identifies such opposing effects of bias within the same decision sequence. Regarding overall racial bias, we document that … the police have an impact on their judicial decisions, suggesting that the source of the bias may be deep-rooted. Merging …

We propose a test of bias based upon patterns of judicial errors. We model the trial court as minimizing a weighted sum … of type I and II errors. We define racial bias a situation where the weight depends on defendant/victim race. If the …

uses a data set of almost 45,000 professional single tennis matches to show that the favorite-longshot bias is much …