In international relations, short-run incentives for non-cooperation often dominate. Yet, (external) institutions for enforcing cooperation are hampered by national sovereignty, supposedly strengthening the role of selfenforcing mechanisms. This paper examines their scope with a focus on...

If GATT/WTO members had no GATT/WTO treatments, would there be some difference on their risks and incidence of their domestic conflicts compared with other states? In order to resolve the related question, this paper will apply Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to discuss the effect of GATT/WTO...

We focus on investor-state dispute settlement provisions contained in various, though far from all, bilateral investment treaties as a possible determinant of BIT-related effects on bilateral FDI flows. Our estimation results prove to be sensitive to the specification of these provisions as well...