price level: the price level that would have been observed in the absence of the cartel. This article discusses the …

An important issue in estimating cartel overcharges is to have a reliable estimate of the but-for-the-cartel price …. While the cartel price is observable, the but-for-the-cartel price is not. A construction of the but-for-cartel … previous non-cartelised period or constructs on cost-based data and mark-ups the but-for-price over the cartel period. This …

when evaluating the cartel damages. We combine the Mallows model averaging (MMA) method with both the dummy variable (DV …) and forecasting approaches to investigate the famous citric acid cartel case during the 1990s. The path of but-for prices … cartel damage estimations …