) when the two expectations are measured using the estimates from the joint estimation of the whole model (log-wages and …-wages, where the deterministic component is computed using the estimates from the joint estimation. That is, the GSB is the … expectation of the residuals estimated from the joint estimation. It is appropriate to apply the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition …

efficient than the ‘disaggregate’ estimators. Empirical illustrations relating to manufacturing productivity are given. …

total factor productivity growth (TFPG). Embedding Dobbelaere and Mairesse's (2009) generalization of Hall's (1990) approach … competition measure does not affect the level of productivity change. …