Mass incarceration and the problems of prisoner reentry -- The labor market consequences of incarceration -- Measuring the labor market consequences of incarceration -- The mark of a criminal record -- The mark of race -- Two strikes and you're out : the intensification of racial and criminal...

We propose a test of bias based upon patterns of judicial errors. We model the trial court as minimizing a weighted sum of type I and II errors. We define racial bias a situation where the weight depends on defendant/victim race. If the court is unbiased, the error rate should be independent of...

We develop a model of a Parole Board contemplating whether to grant parole release to a prisoner who has finished serving their minimum sentence. The model implies a simple outcome test for racial prejudice robust to the inframarginality problem. Our test involves running simple regressions of...